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CHAPTER 1. APPEARANCE AND REALITY

What things seem to be and what they are 현상과 실재

In philosophy, many things that seem so certain can be reasonably doubted. Imagine there was a table. When we see the table, a particular color or shape of the table is seen by us. This color or shape is called sense-data. This sense-data doesn’t give us the truth about the table itself, but the appearance of the table.

Philosophers wish to know what the table is. The real table is called a physical object. The collection of physical objects is called matter. Then, does matter exist? Most philosophers agreed that there is matter.

Some philosophers called 'idealists’ said that matter is nothing but certain ideas in the mind of God, or a colony of souls. Russell thinks that the argument is wrong. We will deal with this more fully in chapter 4.

CHAPTER 2. THE EXISTENCE OF MATTER 

The world is nothing but a dream?  통 속의 뇌, 매트릭스...

If matter doesn’t exist, then we alone exist and the outer world is merely our imagination.

I think therefore i am 데카르트의 논증

Russell refers to Decartes’ statement – ‘I think, therefore I am.’ Decartes was certain of nothing but his own existence. Our particular thoughts and feelings, that is, subjective things are the most certain.

Why Russell thinks matter exists 감각자료의 유사함, 본능적 신념.

Different people have similar sense-data. We assume that there is a permanent physical object so that the properties of the physical object provide us more or less similar sense-data.

When we see a thing we instinctively believe the sense-datum to be the independent object. This instinctive belief simplify our account of our experiences. It is a more simpler way to understand the world. If the belief is rejected, we don’t know nothing.

CHAPTER 3. THE NATURE OF MATTER

The incomplete answer offered by physical science 감각으로 알 수 없는 물질의 세계

In the scientific world of matter, a body consisting of matter has two properties:

the position of the body in space, the power of motion. 

When we say that light is waves, we mean that waves are the physical cause of our sensations of light. Russell means by light that which only seeing people experience and blind people do not. 

The light which we see is absent from the scientific world of matter. Colors, sounds, and other sensations are in a world of experience. These sensations do not form any part of the world that is independent of us.

Private space and physical space 공간 개념에 대해

The space we see or feel is a private space. In the private spaces of different people, the same object is seen as different shapes. On the contrary, there is a public space containing physical objects.

The relative positions of physical objects in physical space correspond to that of sense-data in private spaces.

CHAPTER 4. IDEALISM 

What is idealism? 관념론, 버클리의 주장

Russell admits that idealism, which is that whatever exists must be in some sense mental, looks strange and absurd; Nevertheless he pointed out idealism deserves to be studied.

Berkeley argues that our sense-data are in the mind, and that to be known is to be in the mind. 

Let's consider a tree for instance. Berkeley  admits that the tree continues to exist when we shut our eyes. But this existence is due to the fact that God continues to perceive it. This real tree (physical object) consists of ideas in the mind of God.

Idealism has some flaws 관념이란 단어의 오용

Russell says that there is a misuse of the word 'idea'. The argument that the tree itself must be in the mind is wrong. Actually what is in the mind is the thought of the tree.

There are also two quite distinct things to be considered. There is the thing of which we are aware, and on the other hand the actual awareness itself- the mental act. We must take 'idea' as the act of apprehension, not the object apprehended.